Research and development in criminal law and criminology

Research and development in criminal law and criminology

The Impact of Protective Measures on Women’s Perceived Security in Kabul: A Study of the 2020–2021 Period

Document Type : Original Article

Author
zia hussain yosufi
PhD in Criminal Law and Criminology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad,Iran.
10.22034/jclc.2025.2075140.1270
Abstract
The nexus between women’s perceived security, the implementation of protective measures, and their vulnerability in traditional societies such as Afghanistan remains an under-researched area. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between these protective measures, women’s vulnerability, and their sense of security in Kabul. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional research design, the study sampled 247 women, aged 18 to 70, through simple random sampling. Data collection was conducted via a researcher-developed questionnaire, which demonstrated acceptable face and content validity and a Cronbach’s alpha exceeding 0.8. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 26). The findings indicate that higher levels of education correlate with a greater sense of security among women in Kabul. Regarding occupational variables, female soldiers reported higher levels of insecurity compared to other cohorts; conversely, female students, employees, retirees, and housewives reported lower feelings of insecurity. Furthermore, single women reported higher levels of insecurity than married women or those living independently. The study supports the hypothesis that increased vulnerability correlates with heightened feelings of insecurity. Finally, the results demonstrate an inverse relationship between protective measures and perceived insecurity, suggesting that the adoption of such measures contributes to a reduction in women’s sense of insecurity in Kabul.
Keywords
Protective Measures
Vulnerability
Women
Perceived Security
Kabul
Afghanistan
Subjects
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Research and development in criminal law and criminology
Volume 3, Issue 5 - Serial Number 5
August 2026
Pages 554-578