Research and development in criminal law and criminology

Research and development in criminal law and criminology

The position of fraud in the analysis of crimes involving deception

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Mohammad Jafar Habib Zade 1
Mahdi Koorani 2
Azim Aghababaei Taghanaki 3
1 Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran
2 PhD student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3 Judge and PhD student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran
10.22034/jclc.2025.2067595.1227
Abstract
Fraud is a set of acts and statements that play a role in both the material and mental elements of fraud-related crimes. In the Iranian criminal justice system, fraud plays a fundamental role in many financial and non-financial crimes (such as fraud, forgery, theft, fraudulent bankruptcy, unlawful acquisition of property, and fraud in the preparation of academic works). These offenses can be referred to as fraud-related crimes. Fraudulent conduct includes actions aimed at misleading the victim by presenting a false or deceptive matter as a true one, with the purpose of obtaining an unfair material benefit for oneself or another and causing harm to the victim. Fraud does not serve the same function in all fraud-related crimes. In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method and after analyzing and reviewing information collected from library sources, the place and role of fraud [deception or trickery] in the material and mental elements of fraud-related crimes have been examined, with the central question of what role this component plays in these elements. According to the findings, in the crimes of forgery, the preparation and circulation of counterfeit coins, and fraud in cultural-historical works, fraud operates in the form of falsification of truth in the material element, and in the form of knowledge of the fraudulent nature of the criminal act in the mental element. In fraud (swindling), fraud within the material element—through fraudulent maneuvers and deception of the victim—is the main condition for the realization of the offense. Within the material element of the crime of unlawful acquisition of property, fraud is realized through the misuse of privileges or the illegal distribution of goods. In the offense of fraud in the preparation of academic works, fraud appears as a criminal motive. In other crimes addressed in this study, fraud, in addition to its role in realizing the material element of the respective offense, plays a role in the mental element in the form of knowledge of the fraudulent subject matter and the intent to commit fraudulent conduct.
Keywords
Fraud
Offences Involving Deception
To distort the Truth
Deceptive Maneuver

Subjects

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Research and development in criminal law and criminology

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 03 September 2025