Research and development in criminal law and criminology

Research and development in criminal law and criminology

A Critical Analysis of the Approach of International Tribunals to Crimes Against Cultural Heritage: Focusing on the Case of Ahmad Al-Mahdi

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Aramesh shahbazi 1
katayoon ashrafi 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D. Student in international law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
10.22034/jclc.2025.2067890.1229
Abstract
Crimes against cultural heritage, including the deliberate destruction, looting, and trafficking of cultural artifacts and property, target not only the identity and history of nations but also, in certain instances, threaten the shared heritage of humanity. Examples such as the demolition of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan, the destruction of ancient Palmyra in Syria, and the devastation of historical sites in Timbuktu, Mali, demonstrate the scope and depth of these threats. Despite the adoption of international instruments like the 1954 Hague Convention, the existing framework of international criminal law—including the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC)—lacks an independent offense of “crimes against cultural heritage” categorized under Crimes Against Humanity. Consequently, these acts are predominantly prosecuted as “War Crimes.” This classification creates a significant gap, as it often precludes prosecution in times of peace, reduces the effectiveness of deterrence, and diminishes the focus on reparative aspects. Adopting an analytical-critical approach, this study examines international documents and judicial practice—ranging from the Nuremberg Tribunal and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) to the ICC, with a specific focus on the Ahmad Al-Mahdi case—to analyze the objectives of punishment regarding these crimes. The analytical framework combines the traditional approach (retribution and deterrence) with the modern approach (restorative and compensatory). Findings indicate that although restorative elements were incorporated into the sentencing process in certain rulings, notably Al-Mahdi, the prevailing approach remains largely traditional. It is argued that reforming the approach of international tribunals and recognizing “crimes against cultural heritage” as a specific crime under Crimes Against Humanity could facilitate prosecution during both armed conflicts and peacetime. Furthermore, strengthening reparative objectives in sentencing and developing international mechanisms—such as establishing an “International Fund for the Reconstruction and Restoration of Cultural Heritage” under ICC supervision—could elevate the goals of criminalization from a purely punitive reaction to a comprehensive, preventive, and restorative approach. This research utilizes a descriptive-analytical methodology, relying on library resources for data collection.

Highlights

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Keywords
Cultural Heritage
International Criminal Court (ICC)
Genocide
Crimes Against Humanity
Al-Mahdi Case
Subjects
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Research and development in criminal law and criminology
Volume 2, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
March 2026
Pages 309-347